- Fig. 1. Locations of the Bikin National Park (left, red area) and the study area (right, red star). North in the top here and in the next maps
- Fig. 2. Landscape view in the study area including a view to the Bikin River from the Ulm Mound (a, b) and Korean pine-broadleaved forests (c, d)
- Fig. 3. Old-growth forests in the study area: a, b – Korean pine-broadleaved forests dominated by Pinus koraiensis at the tops of the mounds; c, d – Korean pine-broadleaved forests dominated by broadleaved species on the slopes of the mounds in sites with well-drained soil; e, f – Korean pine-mixed forests dominated by dark-coniferous and broadleaved species in wet areas of the slopes and at the foot of the mounds
- Fig. 4. Treefall mounds (from a to c) and charcoal pieces in the mound (d)
- Fig. 5. Scar-boring procedures illustrated on a hypothetical cross-section of a single-scarred tree
- Fig. 6. Fire scars on the Pinus koraiensis trunks located on the slopes of the Ulma Mound
- Fig. 7. Spatial placement of samples with different charcoal positions on a high-resolution satellite image. A few studied points are located out of the photo, in the west
- Fig. 8. Charred stump (a) and charred deadwood (b) of Pinus koraiensis
- Fig. 9. Probability curves of calibrated radiocarbon dates for charcoals from the study area in the middle reaches of the Bikin River
- Fig. 10. Spatial distribution of Pinus koraiensis with different number of fire scores
- Fig. 11. Fire scar history data from the Bikin River based on Pinus koraiensis cores. Horizontal lines represent individual trees, on which years with the fire scars are marked with black vertical lines
- Fig. 12. Treefall mound (a) where charcoal is located in the litter (b)
- Fig. 13. Treefall mound (a) with charcoal located deeper than a stone (b); soil surface is situated on the right in the figure (b). Charcoal is the sample No 7, 3720 ± 113 cal BP
- Fig. 14. Treefall mound (a), charcoal in the back wall of this mound, and rounded charcoal pieces extracted from the soil (b); sample No 13, 1340 ± 40 cal BP
- Fig. 15. Spatial placement of charcoal with different radiocarbon dates (cal BP)
- Fig. 16. Location of the studied Pinus koraiensis individuals with fire scars of different time
- Fig. 17. Betula costata (a) и Acer ukurunduense (b) on old stumps of Pinus koraiensis in the Ulma Mound, the middle reaches of the Bikin River
- Table 1. Radiocarbon dates for charcoals from the study area in the middle reaches of the Bikin River calibrated according to Reimer et al. [51] using IntCal13
- Table 2. Years with high and low levels of precipitations and different number of fires in the Sikhote-Alin State Nature Reserve and in the study area