• 1. Acorns of Quercus robur, which are formed by trees of different ontogenetic states: v – virginile individuals which shows youthful fertility; g1, g2, g3 – young, mature and old generative trees; M – arithmetic mean; mM – error of the arithmetic mean; N – sample size
  • 2. Seedlings (A–D) and juvenile individuals (E–H) of Quercus robur: бк – lateral root; бп– lateral bud; сп – lateral dormant bud; вп – apical bud; г – hypocotyl with adventitious roots; гк – main root; гп – annual shoot; ж – acorn; лп – leaf of semi-adult type; мс –place of attachment of cotyledons; ож – acorn cover; пк – adventitious root; пп – primary shoot; пчк – bud rings (scars on the site of fallen bud scales); рл – unfolding leaves of the seedling; с – cotyledons; спс – dormant bud formed in the axil of the cotyledon; ч –petiole of the cotyledon; чл –scale-shaped leaf. Figure E was made by Gleb V. Shut
  • 3. Leaves of juvenile (A), semi-adult (B), adult (C) type and leaf from secondary canopy (B)
  • 4. Immature individuals of Quercus robur of the first (A–C) and second subgroups (D–F): вк – upper part of the canopy, elongated in the vertical direction, мгп –powerful annual shoot along the main axis, нвт – lower branch with stunted growth, нк – lower part of the canopy elongated in the horizontal direction, оп – dead shoot. The rest designations were given in Fig. 2. Figures A, C and E were made by Maxim D. Maksimchuk
  • 5. Shoots of Quercus robur. A – location of vegetative buds on an annual shoot [52]. B– apex of the leader shoot in young oak trees, acrotonic branching [46]. C – one-year shoot consisting of two increments [52]: б – lower lateral buds giving short–lived spurs; б1 – upper buds giving branching shoots; б2 and вн – uppermost lateral and coronal buds replacing the apical one in case of its death; бпо – lateral shoot; бч – axil scale buds at the base of the shoot (sleeping in the future); веп – spring shoot; вп – apical bud which gives the main growth of the shoot; впо – apical shoot; лет – summer shoot or Ivanov shoot; пчк – bud rings (scars on the site of fallen bud scales); сп – sleeping bud
  • 6. Virginile individuals of Quercus robur of the first (A–C) and second subgroups (D–F): к – crust, п – periderm. The rest designations were given in Fig. 2 and 4. Figures A and D were made by Maxim D. Maksimchuk
  • 7. Young (A–C) and mature generative individuals (D–F) of Quercus robur: онв – dying and dead lower branches
  • 8. Fruiting of free-standing well-lit oaks in young (g1), mature (g2) and old generative (g3) state in a floodplain meadow in a year of abundant fruiting. Along the horizontal axis – fruiting in points according to V.G. Kapper: 0 – absent, 1 – poor, 2 – weak, 3 – average, 4 – good, 5 – excellent [37]. Along the vertical axis – percent. N – quantity of analyzed trees
  • 9. Old generative (A–C) and senile individuals (D–F) of Quercus robur: втк – secondary canopy, ок – dead bark, ос – dead branch, пек – primary canopy