- Fig. 1. Camera trap images, from the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park(Uganda) of an African Bush elephant (Loxodonta africana). The animal (a) enters the frame and (b) feeds, before (c) turning to smell the camera, and (d) continuing to feed on saplings. All photographs by B. Mugerwa and D. Sheil, TEAM Network
- Fig. 2. a – elephants depend on regular access to water and many of their impacts are greater near to favoured water access (here a heavily trampled access point in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda); b – a severely de-barked Symphonia globulifera L.f. tree in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda), withtusk marks visible up to 4 meters above the ground. Despite exuding a sticky yellow latex this species is often tusked; c – bush elephants often push down trees without feeding on them – here an animal is scratching itself against a fallen tree; d, e – several forest tree species have stem structures that prevent elephants from peeling off their bark, here two Zanthoxylum L. (likely both Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P. G. Waterman) in Uganda – Zanthoxylum is a pantropical genus of about 200 species many of which bear similar structures on their stems. All photographs by D. Sheil
- Fig. 3. a – woody cover versus annual rainfall, based on 854 sites across Africa and redrawn from Sankaran, Hanan [191] showing a 99th quantile piecewise linear regression. Trees are absent below 100 mm rainfall, and the maximum cover rises markedly between 100 and 650 mm, but most sites achieve a woody cover that is well below the maximum; b – our work in Lake Mburu National Park, Uganda, (mean annual temperature and rainfall: 20.7°C and 865 mm) suggests that tree cover in this landscape is increasing, a process that is facilitated by the presence of termite mounds as well as by fencing – as in this image – that excludes large herbivores [but not fire, see, e.g., 265]. Photograph by D. Sheil
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