• Fig. 1. Acorns of pedunculate oak, which are formed by trees of reduced vitality in different onto-genetic states: g1, g2, g3 – young, mature and old generative; M – arithmetic mean; mM – arithmetic mean error; N – sample size
  • Fig. 2. Seedlings (p) of pedunculate oak with reduced (A, Б) and low (В, Г) vitality: бк – lateral root; вп – apical bud; г – hypocotyl with adventitious roots; гк – main root; ж – acorn; пк – adventitious root; пп – primary shoot; рл – unfolding leaves; ч – petiole of the cotyledon; чл – scale-shaped leaf
  • Fig. 3. Juvenile individuals (j) of pedunculate oak with reduced vitality: вп – apical bud; г – hypocotyl with adventitious roots; гк – main root; гп – annual shoot; лп – leaf of semi-adult type; лю – leaf of juvenile type; мс – place of attachment of cotyledons; п – residuals of dying tops of shoots; пк – advent tious root; пчк – bud rings (scars on the site of fallen bud scales); сп – dormant lateral bud; спс – dormant bud formed in the axil of the cotyledon. Figure A was made by Gleb V. Shut
  • Fig. 4. Leaves of juvenile (А), semi-adult (Б), adult (В) type and leaf from secondary canopy (Г). Reduced vitality
  • Fig. 5. Immature individuals of pedunculate oak of the first subgroup (im1) with reduced vitality: бк – lateral root; бп – lateral bud, вп – apical bud; г – hypocotyl with adventitious roots; гк – main root; гп – annual shoot; лп – leaf of semi-adult type; оп – dead shoot, п – residuals of dying tops of shoots; пв – renewal shoot from a dormant bud (one year age); пк – adventitious root; пчк – bud rings (scars on the site of fallen bud scales); сп – dormant lateral bud; уп – soil level. Height of aboveground parts: А – 50 cm; Б – 40 cm; В – 35 cm; Г – 80 см; Д – 65 cm; Е – 105 cm
  • Fig. 6. Immature individuals of pedunculate oak of the second subgroup (im2) with reduced vitality: впо – apical shoot; оп – dead shoot (branch); п – residuals of dying tops of shoots; псп – shoot from a dormant bud; пчк – bud rings (scars on the site of fallen bud scales); уп – soil level. Height of aboveground parts: А – 2,0 m; Б – 2,6 m; В – 1,6 m; Г – 3,6 m; Д – 3,1 m; Е – 3,5 m
  • Fig. 7. Virginile individuals of pedunculate oak of the first subgroup (v1) with reduced vitality:
    к – crust; нвт – lower branch with stunted growth; оп – dead shoot (branch); пр – periderm; пчк – bud rings (scars on the site of fallen bud scales). Height of aboveground parts: А – 5,9 m; Б – 4,9 m; В – 7,6 m; Г – 6,2 m
  • Fig. 8. Virginile individuals of pedunculate oak of the second subgroup (v2) with reduced (A) and low (Б, В) vitality: вк – secondary crown branch; к – crust; плв – plagiotropic branch; онв – dead lower branches; оп – dead shoot (branch); очс – part of the trunk without lower branches. Height of aboveground parts: А – 10,5 m; Б – 12,0 m; В – 12,6 m
  • Fig. 9. Young generative individuals (g1) of pedunculate oak with reduced vitality: вк – secondary crown branch; к – crust; онв – dead lower branches; оп – dead shoot (branch); очс – part of the trunk without lower branches. Height of aboveground parts: А – 17,3 m; Б – 16,1 m
  • Fig. 10. Mature generative (g2), old generative (g3) and senile (s) individuals of pedunculate oak with reduced vitality: вк – secondary crown branch; к – crust; ок – dead bark, онв – dead lower branches; ос – dead branches of the primary crown; пек – branches of the primary crown. Height of aboveground parts: А – 23,0 m; Б – 23,5 m; В – 20,0 m
  • Fig. 11. Scheme of polyvariance in the ontogenesis of pedunculate oak at different levels of vitality in a green moss pine forest. Levels of vitality and variants of ontogenesis: A – reduced (completed ontogenesis), Б – low (incomplete ontogenesis), В – extremely low, represented by quasi-senile in-dividuals (incomplete ontogenesis). Ontogenetic states: se – dormant seeds; p – seedling, j – juvenile, im1 – immature of the first sub-group, im2 – immature of the second subgroup, v1 – virginile of the first subgroup, v2 – virginile of the second subgroup, g1, g2, g3 – young, mature and old generative, s – senile. Solid black arrows represent the transition from the previous ontogenetic state to the subsequent one (sequential development of individuals). Dotted black arrows – improving the vitality of the undergrowth. The blue arrows indicate a deterioration in the vitality of the undergrowth. Green arrows – deterioration of vitality of individuals with their rejuvenation
  • Fig. 12. Juvenile individuals (j) of pedunculate oak with low vitality: бк – боковой корень; вп – верхушечная почка; г – hypocotyl with adventitious roots; гк – main root; гп – annual shoot; ж – acorn; лп – leaf of semi-adult type; лю – leaf of juvenile type; мс – place of attachment of cotyledons; ож – dried acorn; оп – dead shoot (branch); п – residuals of dying tops of shoots; пк – adventitious root; пчк – bud rings (scars on the site of fallen bud scales); сп – dormant lateral bud; спс – dormant bud formed in the axil of the cotyledon. Figure A and Б was made by Gleb V. Shut
  • Fig. 13. Immature individuals of pedunculate oak of the first subgroup (im1) with low vitality: бп – lateral bud; вп – apical bud; г – hypocotyl with adventitious roots; гк – main root; лп – leaf of semi-adult type; оп – dead shoot (branch); п – residuals of dying tops of shoots; пк – adventitious root; пчк – bud rings (scars on the site of fallen bud scales); сп – dormant lateral bud; уп – soil level. Height of aboveground parts: А – 24 cm; Б – 45 cm; В – 50 cm; Г – 110 cm; Д – 60 cm; Е – 105 cm
  • Fig. 14. Immature individuals of pedunculate oak of the second subgroup (im2) with low vitality: нвт – lower branch with stunted growth; оп – dead shoot (branch); п – residuals of dying tops of shoots; плв – plagiotropic branch; псп – shoot from a dormant bud; пчк – bud rings (scars on the site of fallen bud scales); уп – soil level. Height of aboveground parts: А – 1,9 m, Б – 2,6 m, В – 2,7 m, Г – 3,1 m, Д – 1,9 m, Е – 1,7 m
  • Fig. 15. Virginile individuals of pedunculate oak of the first subgroup (v1) with low vitality: к – crust; оп – dead shoot (branch); очс – part of the trunk without lower branches; плв – plagiotropic branch; пр – periderm; псп – shoot from a dormant bud. Height of aboveground parts: А – 3,7 m; Б – 7,6 m
  • Fig. 16. Old generative (g3) and senile (s) individuals of pedunculate oak with low vitality: вк – secondary crown branch; к – crust; ов – dried tree top; ок – dead bark; ос – dead branches of the primary crown; очс – part of the trunk without lower branches; п – residuals of dying tops of shoots; пек – branches of the primary crown. Tree height: А – 20,1 m; Б – 17,2 m; В – 18,0 m; Г – 19,0 m. Figure B was made by Andrey M. Romanovsky
  • Fig. 17. Stages of formation of quasi-senile individuals of oak: А – dying back of small branches in the crown of im2 individuals of low vitality, Б – dying back of entire branches in the crown of im2 individuals of low vitality, В – death of the entire aboveground part of im2 individuals of low vitality and the formation of im1 plants of quasi-senile origin (qs). Other designations: гк – main root; кс – xylopodium; кср – xylorrhizoma; овет – dead branch; оп – dead shoot (branch); п – residuals of dying tops of shoots; пб – ‘stump’ (basal part of dead aboveground shoot); пк – adventitious root; псп – shoot from a dormant bud; пф – aboveground shoot (skeletal axis); уп – soil level. Height of aboveground parts: А – 1,8 m; Б – 2,2 m; В – 0,7 m. Figure B was made by A. A. Chistyakova [53]
  • Fig. 18. Variants of quasi-senile individuals of pedunculate oak: A – single-axis, which were formed from im1 individuals of low vitality; Б – biaxial, which originated from im2 individuals of low vitality; B – triaxial, which originated from v1 individuals of low vitality. The current ontogenetic state is indicated in brackets: j – juvenile, im1 – immature of the first subgroup. Other designations: гк – main root; кс – xylopodium; кср – xylorrhizoma; лп – leaf of semi-adult type; п – re-siduals of dying tops of shoots; пб – ‘stump’ (basal part of dead aboveground shoot); пк – adventitious root; пф – aboveground shoot (skeletal axis); пчк – bud rings (scars on the site of fallen bud scales); уп – soil level. Height of aboveground parts: А – 44 cm; Б – 75 cm; В – 65 cm